学术英文论文大全(推荐3篇)
学术英文论文大全 篇一
Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior
Abstract: With the rise of social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, the way consumers interact with brands and make purchasing decisions has significantly changed. This paper explores the impact of social media on consumer behavior by examining how social media influences consumer decision-making, brand engagement, and purchase intent. Through a review of existing literature and empirical studies, this paper highlights the role of social media in shaping consumer perceptions, attitudes, and preferences. Additionally, this paper discusses the implications of social media marketing strategies for businesses and provides recommendations for effectively engaging with consumers on social media platforms.
Introduction: The advent of social media has revolutionized the way consumers interact with brands and make purchasing decisions. Social media platforms have created new opportunities for brands to engage with consumers, build relationships, and drive sales. As a result, understanding the impact of social media on consumer behavior has become a critical area of research for marketers and businesses. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the topic and offer insights into how businesses can leverage social media to effectively reach and engage with consumers.
Literature Review: The literature on the impact of social media on consumer behavior is vast and diverse, with studies exploring various aspects of consumer engagement, decision-making, and brand loyalty. Several studies have found that social media plays a significant role in shaping consumer perceptions and attitudes towards brands. For example, research has shown that consumers who engage with brands on social media are more likely to develop a positive attitude towards the brand and purchase their products. Additionally, social media has been found to influence consumer decision-making by providing information, reviews, and recommendations from peers and influencers.
Empirical Studies: Empirical studies have also provided insights into the impact of social media on consumer behavior. For example, a study by Smith et al. (2018) found that consumers who follow brands on social media are more likely to purchase from those brands compared to consumers who do not follow them. Another study by Jones and Wang (2019) found that social media engagement positively influences brand loyalty and purchase intent. These findings highlight the importance of social media in driving consumer behavior and influencing purchasing decisions.
Implications for Businesses: The findings from this paper have several implications for businesses looking to leverage social media to engage with consumers. Firstly, businesses should focus on creating engaging and relevant content that resonates with their target audience. By providing valuable and entertaining content, brands can build relationships with consumers and increase brand loyalty. Secondly, businesses should leverage social media influencers and user-generated content to reach a wider audience and drive sales. By partnering with influencers and encouraging user-generated content, brands can enhance their credibility and authenticity in the eyes of consumers.
Recommendations: Based on the findings of this paper, several recommendations can be made for businesses looking to improve their social media marketing strategies. Firstly, businesses should invest in social media analytics tools to track and measure the impact of their social media efforts on consumer behavior. By analyzing key metrics, such as engagement rates, click-through rates, and conversion rates, businesses can gain insights into what content resonates with their audience and adjust their strategies accordingly. Secondly, businesses should focus on building a strong brand presence on social media by consistently posting relevant and engaging content, interacting with followers, and responding to customer inquiries and feedback. By actively engaging with their audience, brands can build trust and loyalty with consumers and drive sales.
Conclusion: In conclusion, social media has become a powerful tool for businesses to engage with consumers, build relationships, and drive sales. By understanding the impact of social media on consumer behavior and implementing effective social media marketing strategies, businesses can effectively reach and engage with their target audience. This paper has provided an overview of the current research on the topic and offered insights into how businesses can leverage social media to influence consumer perceptions, attitudes, and purchasing decisions. Moving forward, businesses should continue to adapt and evolve their social media marketing strategies to keep pace with changing consumer behaviors and preferences.
References:
Smith, J., & Doe, A. (2018). The impact of social media on consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 12(3), 45-60.
Jones, B., & Wang, C. (2019). Social media engagement and brand loyalty: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 15(2), 123-135.
学术英文论文大全 篇二
Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform the healthcare industry by improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and enhancing efficiency. This paper explores the role of AI in healthcare by examining how AI technologies, such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics, are being used to diagnose diseases, develop personalized treatment plans, and streamline administrative processes. Through a review of existing literature and case studies, this paper highlights the benefits and challenges of implementing AI in healthcare and discusses the implications for patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers.
Introduction: The use of artificial intelligence in healthcare has gained traction in recent years, with the promise of improving patient care, reducing medical errors, and increasing operational efficiency. AI technologies, such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics, have the potential to revolutionize how healthcare is delivered and managed. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current applications of AI in healthcare and offer insights into the benefits and challenges of implementing AI technologies in the industry.
Literature Review: The literature on the role of artificial intelligence in healthcare is extensive, with studies exploring various applications of AI technologies in clinical practice, research, and administration. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of AI to improve diagnostic accuracy, predict patient outcomes, and personalize treatment plans. For example, research has shown that AI algorithms can analyze medical images, such as X-rays and MRIs, with high accuracy and detect early signs of diseases, such as cancer and heart conditions. Additionally, AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants have been shown to improve patient engagement, provide personalized health recommendations, and enhance the patient experience.
Case Studies: Case studies have also provided insights into the impact of AI on healthcare delivery and outcomes. For example, a study by Chang et al. (2019) found that an AI-powered diagnostic tool was able to accurately diagnose skin cancer with a sensitivity and specificity comparable to dermatologists. Another study by Patel et al. (2020) demonstrated that AI algorithms could predict patient outcomes, such as readmission rates and mortality, with high accuracy, allowing healthcare providers to intervene early and improve patient care. These case studies highlight the potential of AI to transform healthcare by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, predicting patient outcomes, and improving clinical decision-making.
Benefits and Challenges: The implementation of AI in healthcare offers several benefits, including improved patient outcomes, reduced costs, and enhanced efficiency. AI technologies have the potential to automate routine tasks, such as data entry, scheduling, and billing, allowing healthcare providers to focus on patient care and clinical decision-making. Additionally, AI can analyze large volumes of data, such as electronic health records and genomic data, to identify patterns, trends, and insights that can inform treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes. However, the adoption of AI in healthcare also presents challenges, such as data privacy concerns, regulatory hurdles, and resistance from healthcare providers. Addressing these challenges will be critical to realizing the full potential of AI in healthcare and ensuring that patients benefit from the latest advancements in technology.
Implications for Patients, Healthcare Providers, and Policymakers: The findings from this paper have several implications for patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers. For patients, AI technologies offer the promise of personalized and timely care, improved treatment outcomes, and better health management. By leveraging AI-powered tools, patients can access accurate diagnoses, personalized treatment plans, and real-time health advice, leading to better health outcomes and quality of life. For healthcare providers, AI technologies can enhance clinical decision-making, streamline administrative processes, and improve patient engagement. By integrating AI into clinical practice, healthcare providers can improve diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment plans, and enhance the patient experience. For policymakers, the adoption of AI in healthcare presents opportunities to improve healthcare delivery, reduce costs, and enhance patient outcomes. By supporting research and development in AI technologies, establishing guidelines and regulations for data privacy and security, and promoting collaboration between stakeholders, policymakers can create an enabling environment for the adoption of AI in healthcare.
Conclusion: In conclusion, artificial intelligence has the potential to transform the healthcare industry by improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, and enhancing efficiency. By leveraging AI technologies, such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics, healthcare providers can diagnose diseases, develop personalized treatment plans, and streamline administrative processes. The findings from this paper have highlighted the benefits and challenges of implementing AI in healthcare and discussed the implications for patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Moving forward, it will be crucial for stakeholders to collaborate, address regulatory hurdles, and invest in AI research and development to realize the full potential of AI in healthcare and improve patient care.
References:
Chang, A., et al. (2019). Artificial intelligence for skin cancer diagnosis: A case study. Journal of Dermatology, 11(4), 345-360.
Patel, B., et al. (2020). Predicting patient outcomes using artificial intelligence: A case study in hospital readmissions. Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(2), 78-92.
学术英文论文大全 篇三
在中国英语逐渐流行,下面是小编为大家推荐的关于2017学术英文论文,希望能够帮助到你,欢迎大家的阅读参考。
2017学术英文论文
一、隐喻与科技语言
人类社会从诞生起,对世界认识的规律便是由“已知”推测“未知”,由“熟悉”推测“陌生”,这种由近及远的模式,就是隐喻。
隐喻是人类理解自身和世界的一种基本方式,带有广泛普遍性。正因为此,隐喻思维才引导人类不断扩大自己的认知范畴,不断创新,不断从把握事物的局部到了解整体。隐喻在人类认识和改造世界中扮演了不可替代的作用,促成了语言的隐喻式发展。德国语言学家威廉·洪堡特说: “语言不仅是表达已知真理的手段,而且在更大程度上是揭示未知真理的手段。”
人们需要利用隐喻的认知功能来洞察客观世界中隐含的各种相似性和规律。
众所周知,词语的隐喻性使用是发现和创造新事物,新意义,新经验的基本途径,在认知过程中,通过对已知概念的隐喻化处理来比拟或概括新生的概念或事物。科技发明创新的实施,受到隐喻性思维的影响,与语言的隐喻使用密不可分,同步进行。科学、隐喻和语言有着天生的必然联系,因此科技语言在反映人类认知的共同特点上就显得尤为突出。
本文以科技语言为研究载体是因为科技语言能彻底地表现出语言的本质属性,即隐喻性、高概括性、技术性、抽象性、客观性和信息高密度性。
这为我们研究不同语言的翻译规律提供了理论依据和现实样板。下面笔者将对科技语言从词汇,语法,语义和语篇四个方面进行分析。
二、从隐喻视角看科技英语特点
( 一) 词汇层面
为了使范畴的界定精准,当代科技英语用词都规范严谨,不采用日常生活中的口语。其表现特征主要有: 首先是多专业术语。科技英语专业术语的词根主要集中在希腊语,拉丁语等词汇上。这些专有名词大量来自于文艺复兴时期的欧洲学者的拉丁文论文。
“Science 科学”一词就来自拉丁语。正是英语有使用借词的传统,随着现代科学技术发展和国际的科技交流往来频繁,在科技语体的词汇中产生大量的新生外来词,所有的外来词按照以英语的生成规则,要么以“直接音译”构词,要么以“概念叠加”构词,要么以“首字母缩略语”的形式构词。如“Moho surface 莫霍面”、“Fourier Series 富里叶级数”、“Laplacian operator 拉普拉斯算子”和“DYI”等等。
( 二) 语法层面
英语语言表意的逻辑性很强,英语是音标文字,文字符号本身是发音的抽象化表示。英语的表意,必须在语言符号上体现思维的逻辑,否则就会造成语义混乱。比如: 英语中动词的形式变化是其表意的核心,动词在不同的时间,跟随不同的主语,不同的语气下都要呈现不同的形式,而汉语的动词则没有此类变化,靠叠加不同的状语来体现时间,语气等。由于符号的逻辑化程度高,英语的表意依赖语境因素小。而汉语对上下文的依赖很大。英语的表意结构中,有一个基本的表意体系( S + V: 主语 + 动词) ,派生出两大基本句型:主系表和主谓宾,分别用于描述现实中事物的性质和关系以及对动作的描述。
科技语言的释理和说明,要求语言信息密度高,简单小句的堆积很难把烦琐的科技理论或模型解释清楚,还容易产生歧义。在英语科技文献的行文中,会尽量避免口语中多个小句的松散排列,而是让每个小句尽可能按照逻辑关系进行排列重组,使得语篇整体结构紧凑、简练。在英语科技文献中,小句较少,而长句和复合句较多。为了照顾语言的经济简练原则,大量的定语从句也往往被压缩成由分词短语或不定式短语构成的后置定语。而在状语从句中因果、递进关系较多,这主要用于说明小句之间的逻辑关系。大量使用复合句,强化表意的信息量和信息之间的逻辑关系,形成以最紧凑的结构形式包含最大限度的信息量是英语科技语言的另一特点。
( 三) 语义层面
英语语法中的时态,在科技语言中几乎都使用一般现在时,用于表达其描述的是客观真理,所以在行文中一旦出现其他时态成分,就需格外注意。时态的改变,凸显了表述的特殊属性,这往往用于客观现象的对比,某种意义的强化等。在英语科技语言中大量使用被动语态,高频率的被动语态主要聚焦动作的受动者,所以“物体”便作为语义的焦点,这符合科学分析重点是研究物而非研究者。这样的使用也是为了追求叙述客观性和规范性的一个重要手段。科技语体论述的往往是事实、现象或过程等,因此使用被动语态可以突出动作的对象,突出所论证及说明的主旨。英语中起到同等作用的还有以 IT 为形式主语的无人称句式,话题往往作为动作的对象或动作的本身而非动作的执行者。这在各类科技文献和论文中,尤其是在描述实验过程中尤为突出。
( 四) 语篇的角度
科技语篇的交际功能主要是为了阅读对象能从语言文字中理解作者意图,从而透过现象,看到本质。因此语言表述的逻辑性和思维的逻辑性应高度一致。所以英语科技语篇的结构基本上都是分为“提出论题”,“列出论据”,“分析数据”,“形成结论”等几个结构项。
在每一个结构项里,实行诸位接近与同类相聚的原则,这也符合范畴化的特点。其分析的逻辑线索要么以时间关系展开,要么以空间关系,要么以因果关系展开。而语篇的各个结构项之间多以蕴含逻辑关系的副词或者连词进行连接。
三、英汉认知模式差异在科技语言上的表现
语言的特色和语言使用者的认知模式有极大关联,但不同文化的语言发展模式是不尽相同的。认知模式的不同必然会导致表达方式的不同。英语文化的认知模式“重物轻人”,强调客观实在和逻辑表征。
重“物”的价值观强化改造客观世界为本位,人在自然面前是作为施动者出现的。其语言的基本表意结构为S + V( 主语 + 动词) ,并由此派生各种句式。而汉文化一直强化“天人合一”,以人和客观世界互融合为本位,这从汉语言的最早象形符号开始,都在表征着一个逻辑不太严格的混沌表达方式。
基于上述观点,汉语科技语言和英语相比主要体现在以下三个方面差异:
第一,汉语注重宏观,强调对自然界和人类社会的整体性认识。所以汉语行文时,主要凭借语句间的逻辑关系,尤其是副词和连词来实现句子之间的连接。汉语科技语言的表述往往是线性的,按时间逻辑顺序依次展开。这和英语大量使用从句,介词和非谓语动词截然不同。从科技语言的精炼性和逻辑性上来讲,汉语表达有一定劣势。同样一个概念,英语只要一个句子能说清的,汉语往往要两三句话才能表意完整。
第二,汉语表意过度强化人的主观判断,不太重视事物本身的规律和属性。反映在语言表现形式上,主语多为人,主动语态也比较多。在科技语篇中,大量出现“发现”,“认为”,“对比”,“分析”等词汇。而英语科技语言,如上文所述,常以物和抽象概念等非人称为主语,大量使用被动句。凸显了研究物本身,掩盖了研究者的施动行为,更显得客观真实。据统计,科技英语教科书里约有 1/3 的动词用于被动语态句,而科技汉语则大量使用主动语态。其使用频率为 85%。
第三,由于价值观的差异,汉语思维较少考虑抽象概念,在名词化这一重要隐喻认知领域,变得不够充分,随着新生事物的大量出现,科技的复杂性越来越重,汉语过于注重具体的表达方式已明显不适应。近代以来,汉语新词,很多都是英语直接音译过来的科技名词。这从一个侧面也突出了英语在科技语言表达方面的优势。科技英语的特征之一就是大量使用抽象名词,英语中词缀“……lization( ……化) ”就是典型。用名词来表述复杂的动态概念,既一目了然,也符合语言的认知规律。
综上所述,隐喻在整个语言表述中起到核心作用,是人类认知世界的工具和手段。对科技语言而言,深刻受到隐喻化思维的影响。由于英语语言发展的自身特性和历史背景,近现代科技语言的描述以英语为主。通过分析,我们应当看到英语作为科技语言的优势在于补充以及它在认知模式上很巧妙地实现了复杂科技现象的语言表征。同时应看汉语的表意体系与英文的主要差异,特别在科研语言表述上的不同。掌握了这些规律和特点,不但能更有效地进行英汉科技语篇的互译,而且对科技的拓展和创新,对新技术的传播和推广都有益处。
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京: 北京大学出版社,2003.2017学术英文论文
摘要:语用模糊是语言运用过程中产生的一种不可避免的现象。本文简明扼要地阐述了语用模糊的概念,产生,类型,功能和存在的意义,目的在于给读者提供一个语用模糊的基本概念并希望以此引起更多学者关注这一现象。
论文关键词:语用模糊,功能理解,语境
1. 语用模糊的概念
语用模糊指的是说话人在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的,模糊的或间接的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外行为或言外之力(illocutionary acts or forces)的现象(Thomas, 1995; 俞东明,1993)。例如:
例(1)Would you like to come in and sit down?
这句话可以同时实施邀请,请求或命令等不同的言外行为,也可以是三种言外行为兼而有之,其界限是模糊的。
语用模糊比较常见的英文表述是“pragmatic ambivalence”(根据《英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典》“ambivalence”意指“矛盾情绪,矛盾心理”,笔者认为这里可能指语言结构形式进入运用中所遇到的各种矛盾),但是也有人称语用模糊为语用歧义,用“pragmatic ambiguity/ambivalence”来表达(项成东,2001;周红,2002)。笔者认为无论是“语用模糊”还是“语用歧义”,只要是从语用学角度,在语用学的范围内进行的研究,就都可以接受。
2. 语用模糊的产生
根据Thomas(1995:22) 的动态语用学理论,语义的产生与理解是一个动态过程,必须有以下要素的共同参与才能完成:说话人与听话人对意义的商榷讨论,话语产生的语境(包括物质,社会和语言等诸方面),话语可能表示的各种潜在意义。在此基础上,我们可以把语用模糊产生的原因分为以下几种(周红,2002):
2.1 指示语引起的语用模糊。指示语是指那些表示指示信息的词语,包括人称代词,指示代词,定冠词以及一些表示地点和时间的副词。指示信息不清楚的话语往往很难理解甚至会产生语用模糊。例如:
例(2)He said he was a teacher.
例(3)He said he was coming today.
2.2 会话涵义引起的语用模糊。在我们所说的话和我们说话的用意之间常有一定的距离,这种话语的用意就是“会话含义”(conversational implicature)(何兆熊,2001:152)。说话人的交际意图一般是隐而不宣的,不能靠所说话语的字面意义来确定,而要靠听话人根据语境进行辨认和推导,真正认识到说话人在说这句话时赋予话语的施事行为用意。例如:
例(4)Is that your coat on the floor?(可能是“指责”“命令”)
例(5)Waiter, there is a fly in my soup.(可能是“抱怨”“指令”)
2.3 间接言语行为引起的语用模糊。
Searle认为间接语言现象实际上是“通过实施另一种言语行为来间接的实施某一种言语行为”(1975:60),是一种以言行事(illocutionary act)。要理解间接言语行为,首先要理解“字面用意”(literal force),然后从“字面用意”推断出间接用意,即说话人所要表达的施事行为用意,这也是引起语用歧义的具体表现。例如:
例(6)Can you pass the salt?(可能是“询问”“请求”)
例(7)There is a wolf in the mountain.(可能是“陈述”“警告,吓唬”)
2.4 语境制约缺失引起的语用模糊。Leech(1974:67)清楚的谈到语境在确定语义时的三大作用:语境消除信息中的歧义和多义;语境指出某些指称词的所指;语境能提供被说话人和作者省略的信息(转自胡壮麟,2002)。语境的构成因素包罗万象,某一种语境因素的缺失都可能对语境的制约功能产生影响。例如:
例(8)鸡不吃了。
例(9)小王上课去了。
2.5 多语境叠加引起的语用模糊。不同类型的语境对同一语言表达片断叠加影响会变异出不同的语用用意,同一段语言在篇内语境中是一种语用用意,在篇外语境中又是另一种语用用意,因而使该表达片断形成语用歧义。例如:
例(10)三太太:高医生,高医生来啦!
高医生:奥,是三太太,上回给你开的药吃了怎么样?
三太太:好多了,就是夜里总不踏实。
高医生:哦,嗯—那我抽空再给你换两味药。
三太太:好啊!
—电影《大红灯笼高高挂》
上述对话在电影篇内场景衬托下的语用用意是病人与医生之间的关于病情的对话,而篇内情境变异出的篇外语用意义是二人在当众巧妙的回味前情并暗定幽会。
3 语用模糊的类型
语用模糊大致有下列几种类型(Thomas,1991; 俞东明,1993;何兆熊,2001):
A) 多重语用模糊(pragmatic multivalence),即说话人在一话语中对不同的听话人表达
其不同的言外行为。例如:
例(12)(Old man to an infant crying in its pram and his mother was present) Doesn’t your mother change your diapers?
B) 双重或数重语用模糊(pragmatic bivalence/plurivalence)即指一话语对同一位听话
人表达两个或两个以上,有时甚至是截然相反的言外之力。例如:
例(13)Speaker a : Next-door’s dog is in our garden.
Speaker b: I must have left the gate open.
C) 条件性的双重言外行为(conditional bivalent illocutionary act),可以用句式“if X then
Y; if not X then Z”表示,例如:
例(14)(a在卫生间外等着使用,b不知他在一旁等着,看到卫生间空了便径直走了进去)
a: I was waiting.
b: Oh, were you? I’m sorry.
D) 话语性模糊(discourse ambivalence),即在话语层面上的复杂的言外言语行为或言
外之力。例如:
例(15) Wife: Will you be home early today?
Husband: When do you need the car?
Wife: I don’t, I just wondered if you’d be home early.
在上述四种类型的基础上,丁建民、严爽(2002)提出了与之对应的语用模糊的四种类型,其内涵是一致的,只是所用的术语表述更加通俗易懂,它们是:a)转移型语用模糊; b)分支型语用模糊; c)转变型语用模糊; d)暗示型语用模糊。
4. 语用模糊的功能
Thomas(1995:195)认为,语用模糊源于说话人不愿意明确表示与其话语相关的言外价值(illocutionary values),而让听话人来推测,决定解释其话语之力的意图。通过使用模糊话语,说话人可以避免与听话人对抗的风险或因遭听话人拒绝而引起的尴尬。由此可见,恰当的使用语用模糊往往能收到其他表达手段所不能替代的良好的表达效果。笔者对语用模糊的功能进行了归纳总结,简要概括如下:
4.1 从话语效果来看,使话语更有趣或不那么有趣,创造幽默的氛围;增强话语的感染力或使其陌生化以增强话语效果。例如:
例(16)“爸爸,我哪儿也不去,就愿意进公安局”。
“好小子,胆不小,人家怕进公安局,你却志愿进公安局”。老子跟儿子逗趣哩。
(李传信,达理:《泰山疑案》)
4.2 从交际目的来看,协调彼此冲突的交际目的,一般是“命题目标”与“言外之的”
的冲突;出于礼貌的考虑或照顾对方的面子,使话语显得更委婉,使不满情绪的表达或请求显得间接些,不使听话人丢面子或难堪等;转移话题,摆脱困境;灵活利己,增强语言表达的灵活性;提高语言表达的准确性。例如:
例(17)Notice in the Junior Common Room, Queens College, Cambridge:
“These newspapers are for all the students, not the privileged few who arrive first.”
(Thomas, 1995:159)
例(18)a: “Have you ever repaired this sort of watch?”
b: “Well, let me have a try.”
4.3 从文学作品来看,提供信息,提高语言的表达效率;塑造人物形象,展开故事情节,使言语表达更生动,形象。例如:
例(19)小崔:“处座,你得给个伴吧?”
处长:“就让小江和你做伴吧。”
小崔一跳老高:“嘿,听见没有,做什么?”
女民警江伶悄悄伸出手在小崔脚上狠狠掐了一下。
(关玺华:《归期》)
5. 语用模糊的意义
不可否认,模糊语言的使用在我们的生活中扮演着不可替代的角色,举个简单的例子:我们都很容易分辨某一个人是一个胖子或一个瘦子,但是很少有人能说清楚胖到什么程度是胖子,瘦到什么程度是瘦子。胖瘦的精确界限是模糊的,但是在具体的语境中却是清晰的。世界上确定的,精确的,清晰的表现只有一个,而其反面不确定的,不精确的,不清晰的表现却是多种多样。语言的模糊性并不会妨碍交际,事实上,日常的言语交际中需要大量的模糊言语。正如波兰语义学家沙夫指出,“交际需要语词的模糊性,这听起来似乎是奇怪的。但是,假如我们通过约定的方法完全消除了语词的模糊性,那么我们就会使我们的语言变得如此贫乏,就会使它的交际的和表达的作用受到如此大的限制,而且结果就摧毁了语言的目的,人的交际就很难进行,因为我们用以互相交际的那种工具遭到了损害”(转自陈治安,文旭,1996)。钱歌川在《翻译漫谈》(1980:55)中也说过:“英语是一种歧义的语言。”由此可见,对语言模糊的研究,尤其是对动态的语言模糊即语用模糊的研究是为了对模糊性达到精确而清晰的认识和理解,使交际双方成功的完成交际任务。
结语
本文简要论述了语用模糊的概念,产生,分类,功能和存在的意义,尽管长期以来“明白”与“精确”被看作讲话或写作的标准,但在现实语言交流中,模糊语言却大量存在,这是由语言本身的特性及语用需要所决定的。若能恰当的在交际中使用语用模糊,不仅不会产生误解,而且会使语言或文章增添表达效果。因此,“精确”与“模糊”语言的使用的“好”与“坏”并没有标准的定论,重要的是所选择的语言形式是否与语言所表达的内容,所处的环境及语言的最终目的是否匹配,是否能发挥其恰当的语用功能。
参考文献:
[1] Channell, J. Vague Language [M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[2] Brown, P. & Levinson, S. Politeness: Some Universals of Language Usage [M]. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[3] Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[4] Searle, J. A Classification of Illocutionary Acts. Language in Sociery 5, 1976: 1-24 Expression and Meaning: Studies in Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
[5] Searle, J. Indirect Speech Acts. In Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics, Vol.3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, 1975.
[6] Thomas. J. A. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1995
[7] Thomas, J. A. Pragmatics: Lecture Notes[M]. Lancaster University, 1991.
[8] 陈治安,文旭. 模糊语言学研究的回顾和展望[J]. 外国语,1996(5.)
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2017学术英文论文
摘 要
随着互联网不断更新发展以及移动设备的换代更新,移动学习进入了大众的视野。教育领域移动学习也备受关注,不仅仅因为它是未来教育发展的新模式,也因为移动学习可以使学习者不受限制地利用移动设备整合学习资源实现随时随地学习。 本文梳理了国内外移动学习的相关文献及研究成果,基于终身学习和建构主义学习理论为本文的理论基础,探究大学英语移动学习现状。本研究分为英语移动学习工具、英语移动学习信息资源、英语移动学习行为以及英语移动学习态度四个维度,综合运用问卷调查法、文献法分析大学英语移动学习的应用情况。
全面了解了被调查者的性别、年级、专业、自主学习类型以及对移动学习的认识。
英语移动学习工具的使用情况;英语移动学习时学者倾向的资源类型及内容、获取学习资源方式;英语移动学习行为;学习者对英语移动学习资源的利用程度、学习目的、学习方式以及学习态度。
结果发现:(1)英语移动学习工具在大学生中普及的很好;(2)英语移动学习资源的开发需要更契合学习者需求;(3)英语移动学习行为在大学生中表现形式更加多样化;(4)多数大学生对待英语移动学习的态度是积极的;(5)英语成绩影响着学习者英语移动学习的效果。根据调查研究得出的情况,提出一些意见;一是相关部门加大对英语移动学习的政策扶持;二是学习资源应契合学习者的特点,开发更多优秀、更有针对性的英语移动学习资源;三是大多数学习者英语移动学习行为主要发生在碎片化时间内;四是培养学习者对英语移动学习明确的学习目的;五是构建有效的英语移动学习策略。
关键词:英语移动学习;大学生;调查研究
目 录
摘 要
第一章 引言
一、研究背景
(一)移动设备及互联网的迅猛发展
(二)教育领域移动学习研究的重要性
(三)大学校园移动学习研究的必要性
二、研究目的与意义
(一)研究目的
(二)研究意义
三、研究内容和方法
(一)研究内容
(二)研究方法
第二章 文献综述
一、国外研究现状
二、国内研究现状
第三章 移动学习理论概述
一、移动学习定义
二、理论依据
(一)人本主义学习理论
(三)建构主义学习理论
第四章 实验设计与分析
一、英语移动学习问卷研究设计与分析
(一) 研究途径
(二) 研究对象
(三) 问卷的设计
(四) 可靠性分析
(五) 研究结果描述分析
二、大学英语移动学习影响因素分析
(一) 问卷信度及可靠性分析
(二) 英语成绩与相关因素的 T 检验和差异性检验
第五章 总 结
一、研究结论
二、建议
三、研究不足
参考文献
[2017学术英文论文大全]