Spatial Structure and Scale Feature 篇一
空间结构和尺度特征是地理学中的重要概念，对于理解地理现象和解决地理问题具有重要意义。空间结构指的是地理现象在空间上的分布方式和组织形式，而尺度特征则是指地理现象在不同尺度下的表现和变化。本文将分别介绍空间结构和尺度特征的概念，并探讨它们在地理研究中的应用。
首先，空间结构是指地理现象在空间上的分布方式和组织形式。地理现象可以是自然现象，如地形、气候和植被分布；也可以是人文现象，如人口分布、城市布局和交通网络。不同地理现象的空间结构可以表现为点状、线状、面状或体状的分布方式，也可以表现为集聚、离散或随机的组织形式。空间结构的研究可以通过空间分析和空间模型来进行，以揭示地理现象的空间分布规律和相互关系。
其次，尺度特征是指地理现象在不同尺度下的表现和变化。地理现象具有多尺度性，即在不同尺度下呈现出不同的特征和规律。尺度可以是时间尺度，如小时、日、月、年；也可以是空间尺度，如米、千米、国家、全球。地理现象在不同尺度下的表现可以是连续的、分散的、异质的或均质的。尺度特征的研究可以通过尺度分析和尺度转换来进行，以揭示地理现象的尺度依赖性和尺度变化规律。
空间结构和尺度特征在地理研究中有着广泛的应用。首先，它们可以帮助我们理解地理现象的形成机制和演化过程。通过研究地理现象的空间结构和尺度特征，我们可以揭示地理现象背后的规律和原因，从而深入理解地球系统的运行机制和地理环境的演变过程。其次，它们可以用于地理问题的解决和决策支持。通过分析地理现象的空间结构和尺度特征，我们可以评估地理环境的质量和可持续性，优化资源配置和规划布局，从而为决策者提供科学依据和决策支持。
综上所述，空间结构和尺度特征是地理学中的重要概念，对于理解地理现象和解决地理问题具有重要意义。它们可以帮助我们理解地理现象的形成机制和演化过程，也可以用于地理问题的解决和决策支持。因此，进一步研究和应用空间结构和尺度特征是地理学的重要课题之一。
Spatial Structure and Scale Feature 篇二
空间结构和尺度特征是地理学中的重要概念，对于解读地球上的自然和人文现象具有重要意义。本文将分别从自然和人文角度，探讨空间结构和尺度特征在地理研究中的应用。
自然地理中，空间结构和尺度特征的研究对于理解地球的物理特征和自然过程具有重要意义。例如，地形的空间结构可以通过地形图和数字高程模型来描述，以揭示地球表面的起伏和地貌类型。气候的空间结构可以通过气候图和气候模型来描述，以揭示不同地区的气候类型和气候变化规律。植被的空间结构可以通过植被指数和植被模型来描述，以揭示不同地区的植被类型和植被分布。此外，自然地理中的尺度特征研究还涉及到地球系统的层级结构和相互作用机制。例如，地球系统可以从全球尺度分析到局部尺度，揭示地球系统的整体性和局部性，以及它们之间的耦合与反馈关系。
人文地理中，空间结构和尺度特征的研究对于理解人类活动和社会现象具有重要意义。例如，人口的空间结构可以通过人口分布图和人口密度模型来描述，以揭示人口的集聚和分散规律。城市的空间结构可以通过城市布局图和城市层级模型来描述，以揭示不同城市的功能和地位。交通网络的空间结构可以通过交通流量图和交通网络模型来描述，以揭示不同地区的交通通达性和交通拥堵状况。此外，人文地理中的尺度特征研究还涉及到空间分析和定量模型的应用。通过分析人类活动的空间结构和尺度特征，我们可以评估城市的可持续性和社会的平衡发展，为城市规划和社会管理提供科学依据和决策支持。
综上所述，空间结构和尺度特征在地理研究中具有重要的应用价值。它们可以帮助我们理解地球上的自然和人文现象，揭示地理现象的规律和原因，为决策者提供科学依据和决策支持。因此，进一步深入研究和应用空间结构和尺度特征是地理学的重要课题之一。
Spatial structure and scale feature 篇三
Spatial structure and scale feature of the atmospheric pollution source impact of city agglomeration
The spatial structure and multi-scale feature of the atmospheric pollution influence domain of Beijing and its peripheral areas (a rapidly
developed city agglomeration) is dissected and analyzed in this paper on the basis of the atmospheric pollution dynamic-chemical process observation data of the urban building ensemble boundary layer of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter (February) and summer (August) 2003, and relevant meteorological elements and satellite retrieval aerosol optical depth (AOD), etc. comprehensive data with the dynamic-statistical integrated analysis of "point-surface" spatial structure. Results show that there existed significant difference in the contribution of winter/summer different pollution emission sources to the component character of atmospheric pollution, and the principal component analysis (PCA) results of statistical model also indicate that SO2 and NOX dominated in the component structure of winter aerosol particle; instead, CO and NOX dominated in summer. Surface layer atmospheric dynamic and thermal structures and various pollutant species at the upper boundary of building ensembles at urban different observational sites of Beijing in winter and summer showed an "in-phase" variation and its spatial scale feature of "influence domain". The power spectrum analysis (PSA) shows that the period spectrum of winter/summer particle concentration accorded with those of atmospheric wind field: the longer period was dominative in winter, but the shorter period in summer, revealing the impact of the seasonal scale feature of winter/summer atmospheric general circulation on the period of atmospheric pollution variations. It is found that from analyzing urban area thermal heterogeneity that the multiscale effect of Beijing region urban heat island (UHI) was associated with the heterogeneous expansion of tall buildings area. In urban atmospheric dynamical and thermal characteristic spatial structures, the turbulent scale feature of the urban boundary layer (UBL) of architectural complexes had important impact on the multi-scale feature of urban atmospheric pollution. The comprehensive analyses of the variational analysis field of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD-surface PM10 under the condition of clear sky and the correlation resultant wind vector field for pollution source-tracing suggest that the emission sources for winter Beijing atmospheric pollution aerosols particle might be remotely traced to the south peripheral greater-scale spatial range of Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, etc., and the spatial distribution of the high value area of AOD was associated with that of the high value area of resident family number (heating surface source). The backward trajectory feature of winter/ summer air particles exhibits analogous multi-scale feature, and depicts the difference in the scale feature of the pollution sources spatial distribution in different seasons. The peripheral source trajectory paths of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) mainly come from the fixed industrial surface source or heating surface source in the outskirt of Beijing, and the diffusion and transport distance of peripheral sources in winter is larger than one in summer. The above conclusions depict the multi-scale spatial influence domain and seasonal features caused by UAP source influence and atmospheric dynamical structure. The high value area of the winter Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) AOD lay in the Beijing region and its south peripheral area, an S-N zonal pattern, which reflects the dynamical effect of peripheral topographic pattern on the diffusion of regional scale atmospheric pollution sources. Study suggests that the extent of winter atmospheric pollution within the "valley" megarelief in Beijing and periphery was close related with the pollution emission sources of the south peripheral area; and the significant "anti-phase" variation feature of winter AOD and sunshine duration in Beijing and its peripheral areas, and regional scale correlation of low cloud cover, fog days, and aerosols reflects the local climatic effect of aerosol influence in this region. Besides, analysis of the impacts of atmospheric dry/wet deposition distributions within a valley-scale on the regional water body of Miyun reservoir also reveals the possible influence of the multi-scale spatial structure of summer water, soil and atmospheric pollution sources on the water quality of Miyun reservoir. 作 者： XU Xiangde ZHOU Xiuji SHI Xiaohui 作者单位： State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 刊 名：中国科学D辑（英文版） SCI 英文刊名： SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES D(EARTH SCIENCES) 年，卷(期)： 200548(z2) 分类号： P4 关键词： atmospheric pollution source contribution rate boundary layer structure multi-scale backward trajec- tory correlation vector climatic effect interaction of water soil and atmosphere
