Nitrogen in Global Animal Production 篇一
随着全球人口的增长和经济的发展，动物生产在全球范围内变得越来越重要。然而，随之而来的问题是，全球动物生产对环境的氮排放量也在增加。本文将讨论全球动物生产中的氮排放问题，并探讨减少氮排放的方法。
首先，需要注意的是，动物生产中的氮排放主要来自动物粪便和尿液的排放。这些排放物中的氮会转化为氨，并释放到大气中。氨气不仅对空气质量有害，还会通过沉降到土壤和水体中，对生态系统造成负面影响。
根据统计数据，全球动物生产中的氮排放量在过去几十年中呈现增长趋势。这主要是由于全球动物养殖规模的扩大和养殖方式的改变导致的。传统的放养方式逐渐被工厂化养殖取代，这种方式通常会导致更大的氮排放。此外，随着全球人口的增长，对动物产品的需求也在增加，这也进一步推动了动物生产的扩张。
为了减少全球动物生产中的氮排放，有几种方法可以采取。
首先，改善动物饲料的配方是一种有效的方法。通过调整饲料中蛋白质的含量和种类，可以减少动物对氮的利用效率，并减少氮的排放。此外，添加某些添加剂，如氨酸和酶，也可以增加动物对氮的利用效率。
其次，改变动物生产的管理方式也可以减少氮排放。例如，改善动物舍室的通风和废物处理系统，可以减少氨气的释放。此外，定期清理动物舍室和收集动物粪便和尿液，可以减少氮的排放量。
最后，提高动物生产系统的效率也是减少氮排放的关键。通过改进动物繁殖、饲养和管理等方面的技术，可以提高动物生产的效率，减少养殖规模和资源的使用，并最终减少氮的排放。
综上所述，全球动物生产中的氮排放问题是一个日益严重的环境问题。为了减少氮排放，需要采取一系列措施，包括改善动物饲料的配方、改变动物生产的管理方式和提高动物生产系统的效率。只有通过共同努力，我们才能实现可持续的全球动物生产。
Nitrogen in Global Animal Production 篇二
全球动物生产中的氮排放问题是一个备受关注的环境议题。本文将探讨这一问题的影响以及可能的解决方案。
首先，全球动物生产中的氮排放对环境产生了许多负面影响。氮排放会导致空气和水体的污染，对生态系统造成破坏。氮氧化物是大气中的主要污染物之一，会导致酸雨和光化学烟雾等问题。此外，氮也会通过沉降到土壤和水体中，导致水体富营养化和生物多样性的丧失。
为了解决全球动物生产中的氮排放问题，有几种方法可以采取。
首先，改变动物饲料的配方是一种有效的方法。通过调整饲料中蛋白质的含量和种类，可以减少动物对氮的需求和排放。此外，添加一些特定的添加剂，如氨酸和酶，也可以提高动物对氮的利用效率。
其次，改变动物生产的管理方式也是减少氮排放的关键。例如，改善动物舍室的通风和废物处理系统，可以减少氨气的释放。此外，定期清理动物舍室和收集动物粪便和尿液，可以减少氮的排放量。
最后，提高动物生产系统的效率也可以减少氮排放。通过改进动物繁殖、饲养和管理等方面的技术，可以减少养殖规模和资源的使用，并最终减少氮的排放。
综上所述，全球动物生产中的氮排放问题是一个严重的环境问题。为了减少氮排放，需要采取一系列措施，包括改善动物饲料的配方、改变动物生产的管理方式和提高动物生产系统的效率。只有通过共同努力，我们才能保护环境，实现可持续的全球动物生产。
Nitrogen in global animal production 篇三
Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency
Animal production systems convert plant protein into animal protein. Depending on animal species, ration and management, between 5% and 45 % of the nitrogen
(N) in plant protein is converted to and deposited in animal protein. The other 55%-95% is excreted via urine and feces, and can be used as nutrient source for plant (= often animal feed) production. The estimated global amount of N voided by animals ranges between 80 and 130 Tg N per year, and is as large as or larger than the global annual N fertilizer consumption. Cattle (60%), sheep (12%) and pigs (6%) have the largest share in animal manure N production.The conversion of plant N into animal N is on average more efficient in poultry and pork production than in dairy production, which is higher than in beef and sheep production. However, differences within a type of animal production system can be as large as differences between types of animal production systems, due to large effects of the genetic potential of animals, animal feed and management. The management of animals and animal feed, together with the genetic potential of the animals, are key factors to a high efficiency of conversion of plant protein into animal protein.The efficiency of the conversion of N from animal manure, following application to land, into plant protein ranges between 0 and 60%, while the estimated global mean is about 15%. The other 40%- 100% is lost to the wider environment via NH3 volatilization, denitrification, leaching and run-off in pastures or during storage and/or following application of the animal manure to land. On a global scale, only 40%-50% of the amount of N voided is collected in barns, stables and paddocks, and only half of this amount is recycled to crop land. The N losses from animal manure collected in barns, stables and paddocks depend on the animal manure management system. Relative large losses occur in confined animal feeding operations, as these often lack the land base to utilize the N from animal manure effectively.Losses will be relatively low when all manure are collected rapidly in water-tight and covered basins, and when they are subsequently applied to the land in proper amounts and at the proper time, and using the proper method (low-emission techniques).There is opportunity for improving the N conversion in animal production systems by improving the genetic production potential of the herd, the composition of the animal feed, and the management of the animal manure. Coupling of crop and animal production systems, at least at a regional scale, is one way to high N use efficiency in the whole system. Clustering of confined animal production systems with other intensive agricultural production systems on the basis of concepts from industrial ecology with manure processing is another possible way to improve Nuse efficiency. 作 者： Oene Oenema Seerp Tamminga 作者单位： Oene Oenema(Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research Center, P.O.Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands)
Seerp Tamminga(Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research Center, P.O.Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands)
刊 名：中国科学C辑（英文版） SCI 英文刊名： SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C (LIFE SCIENCES) 年，卷(期)： 200548(z2) 分类号： P5 关键词： ammonia animal number animal manure dung urine nitrogen excretion nitrogen loss management protein conversion
